Inflation forecast is measured in terms of the consumer price index (CPI) or harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP …) for euro area countries, the euro area aggregate and the United Kingdom. Inflation measures the general evolution of …

This background note considers how competition contributes to lower inflation, despite its unsuitability as a short …-term anti-inflationary tool. It explains why competition is important for optimal inflation and summarises some of the empirical … evidence of this relationship. It then considers how inflation affects competition, for example by creating conditions for …

The current monetary policy framework in several Latin American countries, combining inflation targeting and a floating …-integration analysis to estimate simultaneously a monetary reaction function and the determinants of expected inflation for Brazil, Chile … stance and inflation expectations based on M-GARCH modelling. The results of the empirical analysis show that: i) there are …