National research systems face an increasingly competitive environment for ideas, talent and funds, and governments … raising third-party funds in performance-based funding schemes. It is in this context that “research excellence initiatives …” (REIs) have emerged. This is an instrument designed to encourage outstanding research by providing large-scale, long …

students is also taken into account, together with spending on research and development by educational institutions. Subsidised …

Universities are key elements in the science systems in all OECD countries. However, university research in OECD … interface with industry. How can universities adapt to this new order? How can the potential of university research best be … enhanced? This study surveys these issues, consolidating the most up-to-date data on resources and structures of research …