Countries are increasingly using digital technologies within their Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) systems and the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic are accelerating this evolution. While countries are increasing their use of digital tools, digital technologies still have significant...

This report acts as a descriptive guide to the experience of digital identity for individuals and a potential departure for future work to realise the opportunities offered by trusted and portable digital identity. It presents the policy and normative context for digital identity, uses of...

By mapping theories of harm that have been applied in recent digital merger cases and considering the analyses that have already been undertaken, this note explores the question of whether existing theories of harm are well suited or should be further adapted to comprehensively capture...

This paper discusses some advantages and disadvantages of the most common digital tools for evidence gathering, and it explores some of the legal and practical issues arising from their use, drawing from cases where competition authorities across the world dealt with the delicate phase of...

This paper considers several competition policy challenges related to market power in the digital era, including questions about the relationship between new regulatory concepts related to market power and established enforcement concepts such as dominance. It was prepared as a background note...

Digital transformation has led to unprecedented reductions in the costs of engaging in international trade, changing how and what we trade, and contributing to growing competitiveness. Digitalisation has changed the scope and speed of the activities undertaken by firms; allowing production...

As digital transformation has accelerated, the e-commerce landscape has become increasingly dynamic. New players have emerged at the same time that established actors have taken on new roles; some barriers to e-commerce at the firm, individual and country levels have been overcome, while other...