Severe disruptions to global markets caused by Russia’s war on Ukraine have exposed vulnerabilities to the security of the supply of raw materials critical for industrial production and for the green transition. These supply chain vulnerabilities are the result of export restrictions,...

Hard-core cartels are the most egregious violations of competition law. What are the most appropriate tools to fight them? . In this book, the OECD identifies an increasingly successful  "carrot-and-stick"  approach -  applying stiffer punishment for cartel operators and enhancing programmes...

The OECD Competition Committee debated cartel sanctions against individuals in October 2003. This document includes an executive summary and the documents from the meeting: an analytical note by Mr. Andreas Reindl of the OECD, written submissions from Australia, Canada, Chinese Taipei, Israel,...

This paper explores how the basic amount of a fine is calculated, analyses how the basic fine adjustments due to aggravating and mitigating circumstances vary or converge across jurisdictions and reviews several challenges competition authorities often face when levying fines based on the...

The mobility of students, professors, knowledge and even values has been part of higher education for centuries, but it has recently grown at an unprecedented pace. This presents many new opportunities among which are increased access to higher education, strategic alliances between countries...

The mobility of students, professors, knowledge and even values has been part of higher education for centuries, but it has recently grown at an unprecedented pace. This presents many new opportunities among which are increased access to higher education, strategic alliances between countries...