Discussions on Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) have so far mostly focused on the potential risks that these currencies could represent for financial intermediation and financial stability. It is important, however, to also consider how they could contribute to the welfare of citizens,...

For the first time, the IEA has reviewed the energy policies of the European Union which shape the energy use of almost 500 million citizens in 27 EU member countries. A unique entity governed under complex and almost constantly evolving structures, the EU constitutes a challenge for energy...

This dataset is a subset of the Revenue Statistics datavase which contains data on VAT own resources of the European communities, and Customs duties collected on behalf of the European Union, for 19 member countries of the European Union. Data comprises the years 1975 and above and is measured...

This dataset is a subset of the Revenue Statistics datavase which contains data on VAT own resources of the European communities, and Customs duties collected on behalf of the European Union, for 19 member countries of the European Union. Data comprises the years 1975 and above and is measured...

Although measurements of biodiversity-related financial risks are in their infancy, several metrics and indicators are available to assess their impacts and dependencies in the financial system, and approaches are emerging to translate biodiversity risks into financial risks. This mapping paper...

This paper presents a methodological supervisory framework to help central banks and financial supervisors assess biodiversity-related financial risks, impacts and dependencies in the financial sector, including transmission channels for physical and transition risks. This framework is designed...

This report provides an update on progress of the review of the G20/OECD Principles since the FMCBG meeting in February 2022, including on first draft revisions. The report “Climate Change and Corporate Governance” prepared to inform the review is annexed. The review will continue throughout...

This report reflects on the implications of the evolving international tax policy landscape for international tax co-operation, and provides an update on the 2022 Report “Tax Co-operation for the 21st Century” and the 2023 Progress Report. The principles of tax co-operation set out in those...