The obligation to provide “fair and equitable treatment” is often stated, together with other standards, as part of the protection due to foreign direct investment by host countries. It is an “absolute”, “non-contingent” standard of treatment, i.e. a standard that states the...

This report on consumer information campaigns concerning scams, makes recommendations for five areas in which practice can be improved to ensure that scams are more effectively understood and that campaigning against them is more integrated.

The policy guidance lays out the policy responses that need to be in place to ensure that consumers engaging in mobile commerce transactions are adequately informed, and are protected against security or privacy risks.

Consumer laws, policies and practices exist to help build consumers’ trust and confidence by protecting them from unfair or deceptive acts or practices and helping to establish a more balanced relationship between sellers and consumers in commercial transactions. Domestic retail markets offer...