investments in Africa, and information provided by more than 75 UK companies operating in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa …

moving south towards the four countries of interest of this paper (Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Senegal and Togo). At the time of … writing, all except Ghana have experienced direct jihadist attacks, and all have reported extremist encroachment and recent … flows could be equivalent to between 1.3% (Ghana) and nearly 5% (Senegal) of GDP. Another pathway is through 'conflict …