. This measure is strongly correlated with the volatility of terms-of-trade, total exports, and output, but does not exhibit … a close relationship to the level of income, overall trade openness, or other country characteristics. We then propose …

fragmentation into simple theoretical models of international trade, the paper finds the effects of fragmentation on national … welfare, on patterns of specialization and trade, and on factor prices. Models examined include the Ricardian Model and the … terms of trade against it. 3. Even in a country that gains from fragmentation, it is possible (but not necessary) that some …

domestic regulatory measures and the trade-related norms and rules of the WTO. There follows an analysis of experience with …