An increase in the credit rating on an organisation?s debt is generally perceived positively, as higher credit ratings are, in the main, associated with lower perceived volatility in the market value of the assets of the entity that has issued the debt. If banks price their assets to realise a...

In 1987 Lopes developed Security/Potential, Aspiration (SP/A) Theory, a framework for risky choice under uncertainty. Similar to Prospect Theory, SP/A Theory seeks to combine the forces of Economics and Psychology. This means that the assumption that individuals make choices based on expected...

In June 2004 the Committee published a revised framework for the international convergence of capital measurement and capital standards, known as Basel II. The proposal includes a formal capital charge against operational risk in the business activities of banks. The calculation of an...

Universities represent a highly complex organizational structure that is beset with serious informational problems. A simplistic allocation rule based on university rankings is sometimes applied to fund disciplines/departments in order to promote efficiency. This study shows the pitfalls of...

Potential customers in customer markets are typically dichotomised into actual and prospective customers. If the firm holds its price firm, the actual customers hold their reserves/reservation price firm and repeat their purchases. On the other hand, prospective customers? reserves may be...

All banks must hold capital equal to the minimum regulatory requirement. However, in many cases the level of regulatory capital diverges from the actual (economic) capital held by banks. A bank's actual capital is typically linked to a target credit rating, which is in turn determined by the...

Extreme value theory (EVT) is regularly put forward by academics, practitioners and banking regulators as a methodology for measuring the likelihood of operational risk losses that have a very low probability of occurrence, but which have the potential for catastrophic outcomes in terms of...

It is somewhat ironic that while the major focus of regulators and institutions in the financial services sector over recent years has been on developing models for measuring and managing credit risk, most of the large losses in financial institutions over this time have been sourced to...

This paper develops a framework for examining the impact of changes in the solvency standard of a bank (target credit rating) on the pricing of bank assets. We show that the decision of a bank to increase its solvency standard increases the price of bank assets to the extent that a bank prices...

Within the context of a banking institution, economic capital is a statistical measure of the amount of resources required to meet unexpected losses over a specified time period and specified level of certainty. The amount of economic capital held by banks is thus a function of their target...