The problem of designing, coordinating, and managing complex systems has been central to the management and organizations literature. Recent writings have tended to offer modularity as, at least, a partial solution to this design problem. Two unifying themes characterize the extant literature on...

This paper investigates the relationships between firm organization attributes, namely a structure á la Chandler, and their inward looking or exploitationʺ attitude in R&D and innovation. We argue that because of sunk costs and learning processes an inward looking behavior is a consequence of...

This paper employs an original dataset for 146 US metropolitan areas to test some propositions that characterize two different models of organizing firms and industries: the managerial firm, epitomized by the work of Alfred Chandler, and the entrepreneurial system, recently highlighted by many...