diverging between the five Arctic coastal states. The geopolitical situation between Russia and the West after the annexation of …The Arctic region has been an area of low tension since the end of the Cold War. This observation is important because … the run on hydrocarbons in the Arctic has not resulted in increased rivalries as expected. The outcomes have been …

Russia wants to realise a high degree of self-regulated stability in the Arctic. Moscow considers this necessary for … well as neighbouring countries and NATO consider these efforts a threat. Russia takes a defensive attitude in the Arctic …, but it is prepared for rapid escalation in the event of confrontation. Russia's Arctic policy is a part of its strategy …

Gorbachev described in 1987. Indeed, this Arctic exceptionalism ended long before Russia’s war of aggression began. In order to …Russia’s war against Ukraine seems to have no immediate end in sight, the strategic competition between China and the … US continues, and the expanding military cooperation between China and Russia increases the challenges facing the …

Economic stagnation and demographic change in Russia are putting intense pressure on the government budget. Tax … revenues have been declining since the late 2000s. Meanwhile, the oil dependency of Russia’s budget has in …

Russia. Rather, a new chapter of enlargement policy is beginning in the shadow of war. After Turkey and the six Western … Balkan countries, the third enlargement area is formed by Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia in Eastern Europe. Ever since Russia …

instability and could weaken the country’s security - in particular in light of Russia’s ambitions to expand its influence in the …

China, Russia, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Their engagement has been most evident in the areas of direct … intensifying rivalry between the EU on the one hand and Russia and China on the other, the question therefore arises as to how the …

long term, improving air and missile defence in Europe could curb Russia's coercive power vis-à-vis NATO and thereby …