cooperation. However, in Iraq and Syria, rising tensions between Turkey and Turkey-affiliated groups on the one hand and Iran and … Iran-backed groups on the other, have put the two countries on a collision course. Con­flictual relations between Turkey … and Iran have the potential to destabilise the Middle East and the South Caucasus, spawning additional security risks as …

as a mediator. It maintains good relations with Iran, its allies in the region and with mili­tant groups such as Hamas …

The armed groups that have formed in Libya since 2011 have progressively taken over the state. They are undergoing a … shape Libya’s political and security landscapes for years to come. Since mid-2022, relations between leading military actors …­pect of security sector reform. European governments should reconsider how they engage with Libya’s increasingly powerful and …

the relatively active UN arms embargoes on Somalia, Libya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African …

Libya initially spread rapidly after 2011 and then disappeared almost overnight. Their decline poses a puzzle for …

In Syria, the immediate effects of the war in Ukraine have made an already difficult humanitarian situation even worse … multilateral cooperation on conflict management, conflict resolution and humanitarian issues in Syria. Protracted conflict in … Ukraine could also disrupt the volatile status quo in Syria, potentially endangering ceasefire agreements, tilting the power …