Economic stagnation and demographic change in Russia are putting intense pressure on the government budget. Tax … revenues have been declining since the late 2000s. Meanwhile, the oil dependency of Russia’s budget has in …

Among the many significant geopolitical consequences of Russia’s war against Ukraine has been the reinvigoration of the … increasingly attrac­tive alternative route between Europe and China. Russia’s war has disrupted overland connectivity via the New … Trans-Caspian International Transport Route is likely to increase its potential at the expense of Russia in the long …

President Vladimir Putin escalated Russia's war on Ukraine in September 2022, announcing a partial mobilisation and …

In the West, Russia’s nuclear deterrence strategy is often described as one of “escalate to deescalate”. The thinking … the confrontation quickly in its favour. However, Russia’s official military doctrine, nuclear exercises of the Russian … “strategic deterrence”, Russia has developed a holistic deterrence strategy in which nuclear weapons remain an important element …

Russia. Rather, a new chapter of enlargement policy is beginning in the shadow of war. After Turkey and the six Western … Balkan countries, the third enlargement area is formed by Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia in Eastern Europe. Ever since Russia …

finance minister and the business executive Hafize Gaye Erkan as governor of the central bank. Both are widely acknowledged … instability and could weaken the country’s security - in particular in light of Russia’s ambitions to expand its influence in the …

Turkey’s policy in the Black Sea region is the result of not only a complex relationship with Russia but also of a …