Russia wants to realise a high degree of self-regulated stability in the Arctic. Moscow considers this necessary for … well as neighbouring countries and NATO consider these efforts a threat. Russia takes a defensive attitude in the Arctic …, but it is prepared for rapid escalation in the event of confrontation. Russia's Arctic policy is a part of its strategy …

Gorbachev described in 1987. Indeed, this Arctic exceptionalism ended long before Russia’s war of aggression began. In order to …Russia’s war against Ukraine seems to have no immediate end in sight, the strategic competition between China and the … US continues, and the expanding military cooperation between China and Russia increases the challenges facing the …

A close reading of Russia’s nuclear statements and actions during the first seven months of its war against Ukraine … sanctions against Russia; and incremental nuclear coercion against Kyiv that spurred Western deterrence messaging in response … severely imperil the survival of Russia’s regime. …

In the West, Russia’s nuclear deterrence strategy is often described as one of “escalate to deescalate”. The thinking … the confrontation quickly in its favour. However, Russia’s official military doctrine, nuclear exercises of the Russian … “strategic deterrence”, Russia has developed a holistic deterrence strategy in which nuclear weapons remain an important element …

unmistakable competition over integration between the EU and Russia. The eastern Mediterranean region, the Black Sea and Caspian … EU, China, Russia and - across the Black Sea - Iran and Turkey are competing in these zones to influence the …

components. Although a decoupling from Russia’s raw ma­terial supply is generally possible, there is no way for the EU to achieve …

diverging between the five Arctic coastal states. The geopolitical situation between Russia and the West after the annexation of …The Arctic region has been an area of low tension since the end of the Cold War. This observation is important because … the run on hydrocarbons in the Arctic has not resulted in increased rivalries as expected. The outcomes have been …