This paper analyses the role of inflation expectations in the euro area. On one hand, the question is how inflation … expectations affect both inflation and output, and, on the other hand, how inflation expectations reflect developments in these … variables. The analyses make use of a simple VAR model of inflation, inflation expectations and the output gap that allows for …

policy impacts inflation and real economic developments in China. The results indicate that the conduct of monetary policy in … aims to hit an inflation target by simply controlling the target interest rate. First, China’s monetary policy toolkit is …