. These studies have typically estimated the return to education in terms of changes in wages rather than employment …, effectively ignoring the fact that trade liberalization affects not only wages but also employment opportunities. In this paper we … use four large-scale representative household surveys from Vietnam for the period 1998-2006 to estimate the impact of …

return in industrial countries. The return varies, however, by gender, rural or urban residence, and the share of agriculture … in the economy. Furthermore, more educated workers typically end up in wage employment and prefer nonfarm … entrepreneurship to farming. The education effect that separates workers into self-employment and wage employment is stronger for women …

spells in entrepreneurship versus wage employment, thereby accounting for selectivity into entrepreneurial positions based on …) constraints faced by entrepreneurs when optimizing the profitable employment of their education. Entrepreneurs have more personal … control over the profitable employment of their human capital than wage employees. …