This paper studies the intangible costs of international trade by extending the basic gravity equation with measures of … cultural and institutional distance, and institutional quality. Analyzing a sample of bilateral trade flows between 92 … countries in 1999, we find that institutional distance has a negative effect on bilateral trade, presumably because the …

How much does a nation spend on resources to 'grease the wheels of trade'? To examine this question the Dutch economy … seventeenth century from successes in long distance trade, shipping and financial innovations. Despite its historical background … approximately 25 percent of Dutch workers are employed in transaction jobs, and 29 percent if one includes transport and …

We empirically investigate the responsiveness of international trade to the stringency of environmental regulation … equilibrium model of trade and pollution nesting the pollution haven motive for trade with the factor endowment motive. We analyze … show that trade patterns in ‘dirty’ commodities are jointly determined by relative factor endowments and environmental …

According to economic theory, imbalances in trade flows affect transport prices because (some) carriers have to return … have to exceed those in the low demand direction. This implies that transport costs, and therefore trade costs, are … fundamentally endogenous with respect to trade imbalances. We study this effect using transport prices for the inland waterway …