We study risk behavior of Danish self-employed entrepreneurs, whose income risk may be driven by both exogenous factors … and effort choice (moral hazard). Partial insurance is available through voluntary unemployment insurance (UI). Additional … incentives to sign insurance contracts stem from a UI-embedded, government-subsidized early retirement (ER) program, giving …

cumulation. There are also limited precautionary motives for wealth accumulation when households experience income uncertainty. …

We examine linkages between aggregate household income, distribution of that income, and aggregate cross …-country expenditure patterns. We are able to decompose income effects into international income dispersion effects (from variations in … average income) and national income dispersion (income distribution) effects. This yields insights for relevant aggregate …

-gift income: a) they are forced to change their shopping pattern because of the conditions imposed by the issuer of the … certificates, or b) they purposely separate gift certificates from other sources of income. The first reason implies a welfare loss …. About 14 percent of recipients separate their gift certificates from other income sources in order to buy a product they …

In this paper the relation between religion and income is investigated using a micro-dataset for the Netherlands …. Religiosity is measured by religious membership and by participation. Instead of estimating separately a religion and an income … approach, both religious measures are found to decrease significantly income and income is found to affect negatively religion …