surviving children. Studies have found substantial variability across countries in the negative impacts of orphanhood on child …

, and parenting quality in a developing country. They use a sample of over 3,000 predominantly poor pre-school age children … for older than younger children, and there is greater dispersion in scores among older children. They find that household … socioeconomic characteristics, in particular wealth and parental education, are "protective"-children from wealthier households with …

"Educated parents tend to have educated children. But is intergenerational transmission of human capital more nature …, more nurture, or both? De Walque uses household survey data from Rwanda that contains a large proportion of children living … influences. The nonrandom placement of children is controlled by including the educational attainment of the absent biological …