developing world, namely the likelihood of continued childbearing given the gender composition of existing children in the family … that latent son preference in childbearing is more likely to manifest itself when fertility levels are low. As a result of … wellbeing if there are quantity-quality trade-offs that result in fewer material and emotional resources allocated to children …

? The answer to this question has important implications for public policy. If shocks reduce investments in children, they …

-income countries. Rigorous studies on the effectiveness of ECD-related programs for improving children's development in various … longitudinal data collected over three years on a cohort of 6,693 children age 0-4 years at baseline in two "treatment" regions and …, household, and child level and unobserved fixed characteristics, with differential impacts by age of children and duration of …

"There is considerable evidence that young children in many developing countries suffer from profound deficits in … development (ECD) outcomes are important markers of the welfare of children. In addition, the deleterious effects of poor outcomes …

, and parenting quality in a developing country. They use a sample of over 3,000 predominantly poor pre-school age children … for older than younger children, and there is greater dispersion in scores among older children. They find that household … socioeconomic characteristics, in particular wealth and parental education, are "protective"-children from wealthier households with …