-income countries. Rigorous studies on the effectiveness of ECD-related programs for improving children's development in various … longitudinal data collected over three years on a cohort of 6,693 children age 0-4 years at baseline in two "treatment" regions and …, household, and child level and unobserved fixed characteristics, with differential impacts by age of children and duration of …

, and parenting quality in a developing country. They use a sample of over 3,000 predominantly poor pre-school age children … for older than younger children, and there is greater dispersion in scores among older children. They find that household … socioeconomic characteristics, in particular wealth and parental education, are "protective"-children from wealthier households with …