economic growth, every country has sensibly invested in international cooperation, learning, innovation, technology diffusion … is necessary to increase expenditure on R&D for business enterprises and higher education, exports and technology. If the …

liquidity shock, separating information maximum likelihood estimation of the integrated volatility and covariance with micro … illustrations, EVT and tail-risk modelling, with evidence from market indices and volatility series, the economics of data using … simple model free volatility in a high frequency world, arbitrage-free implied volatility surfaces for options on single …

This paper analyzes two indexes in order to capture the volatility inherent in El Niños Southern Oscillations (ENSO … suitable for modelling ENSO volatility accurately, and that 1998 is a turning point, which indicates that the ENSO strength has …

volatility. The endogenous structural breakpoint unit root test, ARDL model, and alternative volatility models, including GARCH … the volatility of global fertilizer prices and crude oil price from March to December 2008 are higher than in other …