punishment behavior. (3) Thereare discontinuous “jumps” in the behavior of responders. They either chooseno punishment (destroy … nothing) or the highest level of punishment (destroyeverything). (4) Expectations have a significant effect on the … probabilityof punishment but not on the intensity of experienced emotion. We explainthis last result in terms of norm …

punishment for an unkind action. It also studies how fairness perceptions affect the reaction to punishment and whether this …

anger, ‘social’ emotions like shame and guilt need to be present for punishment to be an effective deterrent of …

difference between them concerns the question of “who punishes”. In the first approach, punishment is executed by the group … members themselves individually, i.e., punishment is decentral in nature. The second approach is based on the idea that … individuals may be willing to delegate the punishment to a central, external authority. The key questions to answered are, whether …

The effects of stake size on cooperation and punishment are investigated using a public goods experiment. We find that … an increase in stake size does neither significantly affect cooperation nor, interestingly, the level of punishment. …