-referenced) and the relative (i.e., norm-referenced) grading schemes in a large-scale field experiment at a university. We hypothesize … that relative grading, by creating a rank-order tournament in the classroom, provides stronger incentives for male students … than absolute grading. In the full sample, we find weak support for our hypothesis. Among the more motivated students we …

beliefs of the employers are self-fulfilling. Theoretically and in an experiment, we investigate under what circumstances … evidence for statistical discrimination in the standard no-competition setup of Coate and Loury (1993). When we introduce … competition between workers of different groups, the non-discrimination equilibrium ceases to be stable. In line with this …