versusquantity discrimination (rationing). Previous results in theliterature (Benveniste and Wilhelm, 1990) show that the issuing … through a uniform priceacross institutional investors and a uniform rationing, whenappropriate. …

private damages. The cartel can achieve this by rationing inputs at low prices. Several U.S. antitrust cases show symptoms of …

condition that aprice will be on its upper or lower bound in case of rationing. Therefore we introduce a moregeneral equilibrium … concept, called Quantity Constrained Equilibrium (QCE). At such an equilibriumthe levels of supply and demand rationing are … not being rationed, and also a generalizedsupply-constrained equilibrium without demand rationing. We apply this main …