urbanization occurs sooner in places with higher agricultural potential and comparatively lower transport costs, using worldwide … thresholds of urbanization. Controlling for unobserved heterogeneity across countries through fixed effects and using a variety … of spatial econometric techniques, we find a robust association between earlier urbanization and agro …

> Rapid urbanization could have positive and negative health effects, such that the net impact on population health is not …’s unprecedented urbanization. We construct an index of urbanicity from a broad set of community characteristics and define … urbanization in terms of movements across the distribution of this index. We use difference-in-differences estimators to identify …