of schooling in developing economies raises enterprise income by an average of 5.5 percent, which is close to the average …This meta-analytical review of empirical studies of the impact of schooling on entrepreneurship selection and … return in industrial countries. The return varies, however, by gender, rural or urban residence, and the share of agriculture …

measure ‘income’). This is the case even when estimating individual fixed effects of the differential returns to education for …/or whether we use instrumental variables to cope with the endogenous nature of education in income equations. Finally, we find …

We estimate the impact of schooling and capital constraints at the time of startup on the performance of Dutch … indirectly, because each extra year of schooling decreases capital constraints by 1.18 percentage points. The indirect effect of …

on the estimated relationship between educa-tion and income is sizeable. We do so using family background variables and …See also 'Are Education and Entrepreneurial Income Endogenous?' in <I>Entrepreneurship Research Journal</I> (2012), 2 …(3), 1-27.<P> Education is a well-known driver of (entrepreneurial) income. The measurement of its influence, however …

validity of family background variables instrumenting education in income regressions has been much criticized. In this paper … of the strong validity assumption affect the estimation results. We show that, in case of moderate direct effects of the … compared to the strict validity case. This provides confidence in the use of family background variables as instruments in …