and total factor productivity growth in small and large states in the South. There are three main findings. First …, productivity growth increases with North-South trade-related technology diffusion and education and the interaction between the two … their interaction on productivity growth in small states is more than three times that for large countries, with the …

"Innovation is key to technology adoption and creation, and to explaining the vast differences in productivity across …

"There is a growing literature that investigates the effect of trade liberalization on productivity. Nearly all such … studies assume that trade policy is determined independently of productivity, hence it is exogenous. The author shows that … the positive effect of liberalization on productivity when they do not account for the endogeneity bias. On the theory …

for greater capital accumulation, without being fully reflected in a higher rate of total factor productivity (TFP) growth …

-floor" productivity, and show that this is partly due to business environment-related losses. The surveys also show the importance of high … indirect costs in further depressing the "net" productivity of African firms relative to those in other regions. Reforms are …