competence building and innovation. Our analysis is based on a simple standard economics model for the sake of clarity in … understanding the link between the need for collaboration and competition in the innovation process at the national level. We find …

and uses the OECD definition of knowledge-based economy and the World Bank Knowledge Index KI and Knowledge Economy Index …, education pillar, economic incentive and institutional regime pillar, innovation efficiency index, knowledge creation index …, knowledge impact index, knowledge diffusion index and technological infrastructure, despite deterioration in both innovation …

with a substantial knowledge gap compared to other world regions. Our results corroborate the second hypothesis concerning …

This paper employs both the descriptive and comparative approaches and uses the definition of systems of innovation … used in the literature to discuss the systems of innovation in the Arab region. We explain that the two common … characteristics of poor Arab regional systems of innovation is apparent from both the poor subsystems of education, S&T and R&D and …

efficiency and labour market efficiency, financial market development, technological readiness and capacity for innovation. Our …-industry cooperation, RD and innovation capacity. Knowledge transfer through utilization of international trade is facilitated by the sound …