include measures of innovation outcomes as well as variables related to innovation effort. The main indicator of innovation … outputs is patents. The main variables related to innovation inputs are investment in research and development (R&D) and … of innovation outputs and inputs by looking at the over-time behavior of the relevant series and comparing the …

find that competition has a negative effect on innovation, especially for firms further from the efficiency frontier, and … we do not find support for an inverted U effect of competition on innovation. The authors show that the supply chain of … multinational enterprises and international trade are important channels for domestic firms' innovation. They detect no evidence …

the empirical relationship between economic development and (1) inside-the-frontier-innovation as reflected by the …-the-frontier innovation as reflected in patents. The data suggest, unsurprisingly, that inside-the-frontier innovation is more common among … changes in the industrial composition of exports. The authors use a simple model of innovation and imitation to test the …

not feel pressure (Carlin and others 2001; World Bank 2004). However, competition also appears to affect innovation in … of competition and, consequently, assesses their net impact on innovation. He finds that reducing tariffs and enacting … and enforcing competition laws modestly increases both the pressure that firms feel regarding innovation and the level of …

authors find that the stock of human capital, the level of domestic innovation and technological adaptation, and the level of ….15 percentage point. In terms of innovation, the authors find that a 20 percent increase in the annual number of USPTO patents …

developing countries. Section two examines examples of innovation in the private insurance and capital markets that may have … considers how innovation is taking seed in creative disaster micro insurance programs in low- and middle-income countries …

integration, innovation policies and enabling environment reforms (macro stability, economic regulation and governance, financial … unemployment; chapter three examines the strengths and weaknesses of Tunisia's innovation system and strategies and proposes reform … could further contribute to innovation and productivity growth; chapters five discusses the key improvement in the enabling …