This paper estimates the degree of trade integration between Brazilian states and the magnitude of barriers faced by their exporters in the 1990s. Using the border effects methodology, we show that the Brazilian market remains highly fragmented, although integration is increasing. In 1991 an...

We estimate the degree of trade integration among Brazilian states and calculate the magnitude of the Brazilian states' engagement in international trade in the years 1991, 1997, 1998 and 1999 using the methodology of border effects. We show that the Brazilian market is rather highly fragmented...

This paper explores whether countries that have a federal Constitution engage in more international trade. We identify two possible mechanisms through which political fragmentation of nation-states, namely federalism, might impact positively on trade globalization processes: domestic market...