standard of at least 40 years and in some countries, such as the United States, of 60 years) imposes significant costs on … German power producers, electricity consumers and the German economy. This article estimates the direct costs linked to the … shutdown of Germany’s nuclear power reactors before the end of their operational lifetimes. These are costs that are …

and subject to economies of scale. Concentration created a European oligopoly. The analysis of this consolidation cannot … security of supply, investment and innovation) …

Network industries are now characterized by a regime of permanent innovation, while they continue to be fixed and sunk … figuring out the possible futures of the technology and of the industry. Avoiding oligopoly capture relies on an understanding … of costs and business models. Since the relevant information and knowledge are dispersed and permanently evolving …

based on innovation. Private equity activity is in this regard a better mode of financing innovative enterprises added to …

correlated to the size of investment of the innovation projects and the level of seniority is positively associated to the most … innovative projects. The seniority of champions explains positively the innovation success, but the hierarchical level has no …

relates to the type of innovation, the characteristics of the market sector in which they operate, the firms’ characteristics …