L’institution participe à l’organisation de la vie sociale. Elle fournit une base à l’action collective en fédérant un ensemble d’individus autour de règles, de normes et de sens partagés. Si l’institution reflète persistance et stabilité, elle n’est pas pour autant immuable....

L‟institution, par définition, reflète une notion de persistance. Elle cadre durablement la pratique des acteurs à travers un ensemble d‟éléments réglementaires, normatifs et cognitifs. Par ailleurs, cette persistance n‟est pas le résultat d‟un pur effet institutionnel. Elle...

The pre-liberalized sector provided electricity consumers with a supply at regulated prices. With the liberalization movement, consumers are now faced with a new price risk. The purpose of this paper is to review, firstly the price policy conducted in France since the fifties, and secondly to...

This article critically examines the role played by Clean Development Mechanism projects for compliance into the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. We highlight risk factors specific to each emissions market - additionality and predictability for CERs, grandfathering, compliance events and banking...

According to a recent literature, the positive effect of competition is supposed to be growing with the proximity to the technological frontier. Using a variety of indicators, the paper tests the effect of competition and regulation on innovative activity measured by patenting. The sample...