In this paper, we expose the economic conditions of cities emergence in a spatial general equilibrium framework. The presence of increasing returns based on the division of labour, transport costs and the possible existence of an agricultural surplus are enough to generate different possible...

This conceptual paper introduces various models to describe and pilot complexity across organizations, through a compared study on three objects: the town, the IS and the firm. We suggest three organizational models which follow each other in the time: the feudal model, the functionalist model,...