coordinate their investments; hence a threat of collusion. In the same time competition is fierce due to the opportunities … dilemma between coordination and competition, independent third parties granted with capabilities to influence the "rules of … from others, and because they seek to influence the industry regulation. Properly organized fora establish an open …

This paper analyses the impact of competition among downstream firms on an upstream firm's payoff and on its incentive … to vertically integrate when firms on both segments negotiate optimal contracts. We argue that tougher competition … firm is better off encouraging competition when the downstream firms have high bargaining power. We derive implications on …

trading. A monopolist exchange always under-regulates if regulation is costly. Under- regulation is exacerbated if other … trading venues free ride on the regulation and if the trading fee is determined by the level of listing requirements. While …

-release measures applied under regulatory control are indeed effective short-term policies for promoting gas-to-gas competition. …