the United States’ trade of pharmaceuticals? A gravity model using panel data from 1993 to 2007 shows that foreign patent …The United States spearheaded the movement for the globalization of patent protection. Over the past years, it has been … negotiations. The pharmaceutical industry insists that foreign patent protection should not be a barrier to access to …

international licensing agreements developed with the French Patent office (INPI). As a main result, we highlight a stronger …

To protect intellectual property (IP), organizations use different kinds of mechanisms such as patent, secret or trade … secret (Hannah, 2005; 2007). Patent grants to the holder a temporary monopoly position including the right to sue for … in the industry and that the firm makes an effort to protect” (Fosfuri and Rønde, 2004: 46). Unlike patent relies on …

-release measures applied under regulatory control are indeed effective short-term policies for promoting gas-to-gas competition. …

External referencing (ER) imposes a price cap for pharmaceuticals, based on prices of identical or comparable products … main results in two extensions. The first one allows for therapeutic competition between drugs. In the second one, drug …

potential effect of real and yardstick competition that could be introduced in this long term care sector. Using a micro …