In the Kyoto Protocol carbon sinks became a tool for releasing the economic burden of achieving the emission target. For Finland, credits from carbon sinks might be important since the amount of carbon sequestered in total forest area has been large relative to total emissions. It was agreed in...

An approach to analyse and quantify the impact of lifestyle factors on current and future energy demand is developed. Thereby not only directly environmentally relevant consumer activities such as car use or heating have been analysed, but also expenditure patterns which induce environmental...

This report discusses the pro's and con's of different types of policy instruments for climate policy in Finland in relation to a systematic selection and evaluation of these instruments given the dual objectives of effective emission reduction and lowest possible economic cost. It is stressed...

This report gives an overview of the implications of electricity market liberalisation, with special reference to the Nordic market and Finland. The principal focus is on the functioning of the wholesale (generation) and retail (endusers) markets. Furthermore, the handling of risks and the...

This is the final report on macro-economic cost assessment of a domestic climate policy programme for Finland. The core assessment work was done with an energy systems model (EFOM) soft linked with a macro-economic model (KESSU). The study was carried out in co-operation with VTT Energy. The...

Disability pension benefits are governed by an application-approval procedure. Therefore, explanatory variables can have different effects on the application probability and on the actual disability transition probability. If the application phase is not considered, the estimation ignores the...

A nation-wide interview survey data is used to analyse by means of ordered logit models the impacts of age, dependency and other factors on probabilities to use home and community care for the elderly. With these models and the age profile of the institutional care, we have made projections of...

This PhD thesis is a collection of studies on Finnish municipal expenditures, revenues and intergovernmental grants. The main purpose of the study was to analyse the municipal expenditure variation between the matching grants system and the formula based grants system. The aim was also to...

The study attempts to apply William Niskanen's (1971) theory of budget maximising bureaucrats to the business subsidies policy implemented in Finland, by one of the major distributor of subsidies to firms, the ministry of Trade and Industry (KTM). The empirical analysis is based on records of 15...

This paper contains a set of tests for nonlinearities in economic time series. The tests comprise both standard diagnostic tests for revealing nonlinearities and some new developments in modelling nonlinearities. The latter test procedures make use of models in chaos, theory, so-called...