income from private pensions compared with the Canadian born. Immigrants from non-traditional source countries have low … levels of CPP/QPP income relative to immigrants from traditional source countries or the Canadian born. In terms of OAS …/GIS income, immigrant men who arrived at age 60 or older have in the order of 50% lower incidence of receiving pension income …

of low income on consumption. …

recovery the recession would have reduced expected retirement income of future retirees by averages of 3.4% and 11.0% for DB … CPP/QPP is compared with wide adoption of Pooled RPPs (PRPPs). Expected retirement income is higher with PRPPs but so is …