2020 was marked by an unprecedented pandemic with a dramatic impact on the global economy. To deal with an unknown and highly contagious virus and protect their populations, almost all the world’s countries have adopted lockdown measures. As a result, in a matter of weeks oil has lost around...

Over recent years, the issue of trade facilitation has emerged as an important element of multilateral, regional, and bilateral trade debates. The growing importance of this issue has reflected the important structural changes in global production and trade over the last few decades. In...

The levels of human capital and skills differ widely between continents and over time. While skills and human capital on the African continent have improved over time, a gap with other continents remains (Penn 2019). Of more concern, the gap in human capital between Africa and the rest of the...