The ensemble is a new entity on a higher level of complexity composed of source and sink. When substrate is transferred from source to sink within the transfer space non-linearity may be observable. Saturating production functions of source and sink in combination with linear cost functions may...

I suggest a new game called wise exploitation. It is characterized by a small investment of the exploiting party to either breed the exploited party or educate the exploited party not to detect exploitation. Thereby a higher productivity than cooperation or prisoners´ dilemma is achieved. The...

In recent decades there has been increasing attention for Chinese economic development. There has been a big debate though if its growth is caused by capital accumulation (perspiration factors) or driven by Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth (inspiration factors). The difference between both...

In this paper, we address the issue of how education affected income inequality in twentieth-century Africa. Three channels are identified through which education may affect income inequality. First, an increase in the average educational level is correlated with an increase in average income,...

Within the transfer space source and sink exchange material and energy to optimize their own productivity. Under certain conditions this optimization will lead to a productivity increase of the whole ensemble. The present day view that cooperation is the most productive interaction between...