Using Monte Carlo experiments, we assessed the finite sample properties of dynamic panel data estimators with fixed effects when < , the results tell us that, we must to have 30 for using within estimator who is, among all estimators, the best when < with very low.

In cfa franc zone, the exchange rate was devalued, in January 1994, in order to deal with the major macroeconomic imbalances that have affected the members during the 1980 decade. Thus, the aim of this paper is to assess the degree of over/undervaluation (namely real exchange rate misalignment)...

In cfa franc zone, the exchange rate was devalued, in 1994, in order to deal with the major macroeconomic imbalances that have affected the members during the 1980 decade. Thus, the aim of this paper is to know if this devaluation was relevant for Gabon an member state of the cfa franc zone,...

In cfa franc zone, the exchange rate was devalued, in 1994, in order to deal with the major macroeconomic imbalances that have affected the members during the 1980 decade. Thus, the aim of this paper is to know if this devaluation was relevant, and, in the sense that the devaluation is relevant...

This paper deals with the impact of electoral competition on politicians' outside earnings. We propose a simple theoretical model with politicians facing a tradeoff between allocating their time to political effort or to an alternative use generating outside earnings. The model has a testable...

The main aim of this paper is to know if the real exchange rate misalignment can be consider like a cause of sub Saharan African export’s dependence against raw materials, and, for, this purpose, we have acess, in panel data, the effect of cfa franc misalignment on the manufactured exports of...

The main aim of this paper is to know if foreign direct investment can be consider like a cause of sub Saharan African export’s dependence against raw materials, and, for this purpose, we have assessed, in panel data, the effect of foreign direct investment in cfa franc zone on her...

The main aim of this paper is to know if infrastructures/technology and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) can be consider like a cause of sub Saharan African export’s dependence against raw materials, and, for this purpose, we have assessed, in panel data, the effect of...

The main aim of this paper is to know if business climate can be consider like a cause of sub Saharan African export’s dependence against raw materials, and, for this purpose, we have assessed, in panel data, the effect of business climate in cfa farnc zone on the manufactured exports of...

The main aim of this paper is to know if infrastructures/technology can be consider like a cause of sub Saharan African export’s dependence against raw materials, and, for this purpose, we have assessed, in panel data, the effect of availables infrastructures/technology in cfa farnc zone on...