security at air and seaports as well as land border crossings. Some disruption of trade flows during the immediate aftermath of … the attacks seemed almost inevitable, yet additional frictional trading costs due to tighter security have affected trade … not only in North America but also world-wide and have potential to continue to do so in the medium to long term …

This report assesses the impact of regulations and the regulatory process in Germany on trade and investment, as well …-discrimination; avoidance of unnecessary trade restrictiveness; use of internationally harmonized standards; streamlining conformity assessment … made of the important steps taken to facilitate customs procedures, with a positive impact on trade flows. Equally, the …

Over the past two decades, Tanzania has embarked on a marked liberalization of its trade regime. The Government wants … higher economic efficiency, productivity and international competitiveness. This study reviews the trade policy situation in … of domestic trade policy, examines regional integration efforts, and identifies priorities for the attention of policy …

Morocco’s trade policy is at a cross-roads. Historically, the country has had a very restrictive import regime that … one of the ten most highly protected markets in the world. Yet, with the signing of the Euro-Med Agreement with the … preferential trade liberalization was taken. This choice was subsequently reaffirmed through the conclusion of further free trade …

This paper reviews the trade policy situation in the Central African Republic (CAR) and identifies a number of key … issues and challenges for the country. The focus of the study is thereby on how trade taxes and quantitative restrictions … affect the goods sector. The analysis falls into three parts. First, the state of domestic trade policy is described, with …

Nigeria’s trade policy is at a crucial turning point. Historically, the country has had a very restrictive import … reduction strategy, Nigeria identified deeper trade integration as a means to foster economic growth and alleviate poverty …. Border tariffs are being reduced, trade regulations are under review, and ambitious modernization programs for customs …

While diversification of exports is often a desirable trade objective, it is far from clear how best to tap into new …

markets by negotiating trade barrier reductions on a preferential or multilateral basis. These trade barrier-related aspects …