As at today, it is an indisputable fact that the climate is changing and there is a scientific consensus that the world …

Despite Egypt’s adoption of an “open-door” policy since the 1970s and a rapid expansion of world trade in recent … 2001, a number of trade liberalization and reform measures, although falling short of opening Egypt’s protected market …

I test Bates' view that trade across ecological divides promoted the development of states in pre-colonial Africa. My … narrative evidence to show the results are not due to conquest of trading regions. I also test mechanisms by which trade may … have caused states, and find that trade supported class stratification between rulers and ruled. …

proposed trade agreement come from closer cooperation in the energy sector rather than from the economy-wide effects of … reducing trade barriers. The agreement may also have significant adverse effects that need to be taken into account. …

The world is going through strikingly fast and comprehensive transformation. The harmonization of the bilateral or … multilateral regulations and standards all over the world will make market penetrations much easier, or harder. This is also a …

external trade policy. Neverthe-less, it intensifies the foreclosure of its external borders. Thereby, the escape routes become …