–plant firms with their use of bills-of-exchange; the Bautier-Verlinden model on the ‘industrialization of 14th century Italy’; and …

in Italy: principally Tuscany and Lombardy. In so far as warfare and rising transaction costs limited the importation of …

, via new transcontinental trading routes from Venice through Germany to the Brabant Fairs, based on a tripod of English … decline of the Venetian cloth industry in the 17th century have focused on Venice’s own ‘internal faults’, this paper offers … major share of Ottoman and Persian markets, at the direct expense of Venice: through a combination of diplomacy and superior …

in Venice (c. 1800-44). At a time of transition in finance and cash shortage, Bogdano offered credit at a ‘just’ interest …