Background: Logistics cost is an important factor affecting the competitiveness on both macro (national) and micro level (firms). Logistics cost indicates the performance of logistics industry, efficiency level and its competitiveness. Research Problem: Despite of its significance, current state...

This Working Paper is a summary of a workshop which was held at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria in 1992. Small scale privatization (SSP) of shops, restaurants and other consumer services has been accomplished in the first stage of the complex...

After a long and winding process, India opened the retail trade to foreign direct investment (RFDI) albeit with some caveats. The process, however, suggests that the case of RFDI provides a classic example of large global corporations succeeding in influencing public policy of developing...

The article analyses the situation facing the European economy and traces both the more fundamental and the proximate causes of the worsening crisis. It argues that European policymakers have the tools at their disposal to limit the extent and duration of the recession and proposes a package...

The steps in this paper are: (1) to recall the S = I relation and its position in macro-economics, (2) to observe how this equation is very relevant again with the renewed relunctance of banks to finance investments, (3) to point out that consumer durables are investments too, (4) to highlight...

As is considered in this paper，none of the ever existing long wave theories can totally describe or correctly explain the chronic fluctuating characters of the capitalist world economy system since the year 1857. Based on Karl Marx’s greatest work “Capital” and combined with considerable...

This research attempts to analyze whether Rupiah overshoots when the crisis hit Indonesia in mid of 1998. It also try to find out the fundamental macroeconomic factors that influence exchange rate when economic crisis hit Indonesia. It uses ordinary least square method and also cointegration in...

This paper chronicles Zimbabwe’s macroeconomic policies and economic development trends from the post independence period up to end of 2006. By focussing on monetary and exchange rate policies and their influence on economic developments before and after the reform programme in 1991, the paper...

Last decades have been the most turbulent in international monetary history in terms of the number, extent and severity of the economic and financial crises. There were more speculative bubbles in the period 1980-2000 than in any previous period, and Japan and Latin American countries...

The paper aims to present the efforts of the two Member States of the European Union regarding the criteria for accession in the „select club” of the Eurozone, in the current economic environment, which is characterized by uncertainty and profound turbulences. The study has pointed out that,...