This paper revisits, modifies, and combines elements of three major ‘institutional’ international-trade models, none of …’ participants (i.e. in the Champagne Fairs), and thus in reducing transaction costs in international trade; and (3) the Epstein … Wee model) to a revival of continental, overland-trade, to a revival and even more dramatic growth in international trade …

This article, a contribution to the ‘proto-industrialisation’ debate, examines the relative advantages of urban and … century, when the English cloth trade began its seemingly inexorable expansion, the Low Countries had enjoyed a virtual … supremacy in international cloth markets, then chiefly located in the Mediterranean basin. The traditional view has attributed …

just about 80 percent of that for the Bruges craftsmen, still the best paid in north-west Europe. In Bruges, the craftsmen … Antwerp region (1400-1700), with annual values in pence groot Brabant (but still converted into index numbers); and I have … craftsmen in Bruges; but by the 1480s, when inflation was far more serious in Flanders than in England, that gap had narrowed to …

Since trade was not an engine, neither was a part of trade, such as the trade in slaves. And certainly the profits from … the trade did not finance the Industrial Revolution. Imperialism, too, was a mere part of trade, and despite the well … apartheid, been profitable. The episode of economic success in Europe came from domestic sources of innovation, not from …

We develop a model for developing countries that investigates the factors behind agglomeration of activities in urban … giants. Firstly we show that relatively easier market access to external demand provided by the urban giant tends to attract … entrepreneurs to this place. Secondly we find that the attractive power of the urban giant can be linked to a lack of democracy …

studying the relationship between international terms of trade and domestic income distributions of the exporting countries … the transmission of the growth from the North to the South through international markets, both through trade and through … all favorable to the growth of the South, which is central to much thinking about the New International Economy Order. I …

only local but international policymakers and scholars to overcome these disparities and to really make it a value …

must practice thrift, and pre-industrial Europe, with its low yield-seed ratios, did so on a big scale. British thrift … society of bourgeois dignity and liberty---did as well as the Protestants (in Amsterdam, for example). Ben Franklin, for …

considerable importance during the late medieval period. In most regions in Western-Europe, however, there was hardly or no …

lords and rural interests to the influence of urban elites. If this counterweight was missing, urban elites could exploit …