necessary nor sufficient to guarantee that animal behavior is biologically adaptive. To illustrate that biological adaptiveness … determining whether a particular behavior is biologically adaptive. Additionally, Kacelnik et al call into question what has been … reported in the animal behavior literature as preference reversals, such as risk attitudes among wild rufous hummingbirds or …

thinking, I also discuss how economics fails to ground itself in the underlying knowledge provided by biology. I also argue … that economists need to redirect their conventional approach to study group behavior. Current macroeconomics is … reductionist while the route followed by biology, physics, and chemistry was to resort to a different approach when focusing on …

international order relied on the respect of the human rights and the ecology. …

. Additionally, according to White’s test we identify than standard normal distribution is better then Student-t. At the same time … our forecast of volatility using MS GARCH with standard normal distribution does not work the right way. In other words …