, particularly when small samples are used. In addition, an upward bias is present due to dimensionality issues when the sample size …

This paper discusses the finite sample bias of analogue bounds under the monotone instrumental variables assumption. By … analyzing the bias function, we first propose a conservative estimator which is biased downwards (upwards) when the analogue … estimator is biased upwards (downwards). Using the bias function, we then show the mechanism of the parametric bootstrap …

We simulate societal opinion dynamics when there is confirmation bias in information gathering and spread. If decision … making is influenced by confirmation bias, the agent puts more weight on positive information to confirm hypothesis or …