With liberalization in 1998, numerous firms have entered the German retail electricity market, including newly formed cooperatives. Based on Transaction Cost Economics, we develop a theoretical framework seeking to explain preferences for electricity supplied by cooperatives from a consumer...

This paper searches statistical evidence of tax harmonization initiated and motivated by EU Commission since 1980. The purpose of energy tax harmonization is to reach more efficient use of energy among members and thereby to establish more competitive markets in EU. The tax harmonization in EU,...

Andhra Pradesh has been experiencing increasing energy deficits since 2004-05. Energy deficit has increased from a negligible 0.7% in 2004-05 to 6.6% in 2009-10 and to a whopping 22.8% in 2012-13 (as per load generation balance report 2012-13, Central Electricity Authority, 2013). On the whole,...

Restrictions on CO2 emissions, the nuclear phase out announced by some member states, high emissions from coal-fired power plants, and barriers to rapid development of renewable generation are factors that make the European Union (EU) highly dependent on natural gas. With three non-EU countries...

In the early 2000s, the Republic of Turkey has initiated an ambitious reform program in the most important segments of her energy market; namely, electricity, natural gas, petroleum and liquefied petroleum gas industries, which requires privatization, liberalization as well as a radical...

A considerable body of economic literature shows the adverse economic impacts of oil-price shocks for the developed economies. However, there has been a lack of empirical study of this kind on China and other developing countries. This paper attempts to fill this gap by answering how and to what...

Oil price behavior has changed dramatically in the last twenty years. These changes can be explained rather simply in terms of the delayed responses of supply and demand to prices, and in terms of changes in the rate of discovery of reserves. This analysis can be used to forecast possible future...

This paper looks for the possible outcomes of the determinants of demand for electricity in Turkey. All variables are in per capita. Determinants are electricity production, price index of electricity and income, respectively. Electricity consumption is classified into residential and commercial...

Increasing demand for oil and gas in the enlarging EU will mostly be satisfied by outside resources, due to Union’s limited oil and gas production capability. Turkey’s geographical location offers variety of opportunities in terms of oil and gas transportation from the Caspian Sea and the...

The paper is a review of possible consequences and challenges presented by high oil prices in Pakistan. Pakistan is heavily dependent on imported fuels and this dependence is expected to increase even further in future given the depleting gas resources. The rising oil prices in the international...