We study incumbency advantage and the electoral returns to pork and patronage over ten legislative periods from 1948 to …’s two main parties of government received significantly more preference votes when pork and patronage were steered to their …

municipal elections are approaching. These findings suggest that male mayors may promote more political patronage than female …

income sources in Iran. Close to one-third of the working population are engaged in agriculture and related industries such … consumption.With regard to F.A.O annual reports(2004) ,Iran has been rated 1st producer and also 1st exporter of poultry meat in … dynamics on comparative advantage of Iran’s poultry meat export in the Middle East market. …

This paper attempts to estimate the size of underground economy in Iran and to identify the elements having taken a … economic circumstances prevailing in Iran. Currency ratio (circulating currency to total private sector bank deposits ratio … indicative of a high volume of such activities within the frameworks of the economy of Iran. The mean size of underground economy …

This study presents the rst analyses of the equity of health care financing in Iran. Kakwani Progressivity Indices … in Iran from 1995/96 to 2004/05. The indices are used to analyze the progressivity of two sources of health care … financing: health insurance premium payments and consumer co-payments (and the sum of these), for Iran as a whole, and for rural …

slowdown in the near future. Perhaps Iran is among a handful of countries that has not properly planned to combat any potential …

The War on Iraq in has split the continent into ‘Old Europe’ and ‘New Europe’. On Iran, by contrast, the EU jointly … the European ‘Dialogues’ with Iran as a regime that reduced information deficits in the case of Iran. In the case of Iraq …

An examination and close observation of currency exchange fluctuations in Iran reveals that over the years, problems … many years of a multi-rate regime. Over the past decade until Spring 2011, Iran’s Central Bank, which channels more than 90 … plan and growing international pressures on Iran because of its nuclear program, the tendency to arbitrage in the foreign …